2. Benchmark solution

2.1. Calculation method used for the reference solution

The reference solution was obtained numerically with ABAQUS 5.5. The mesh used consists of ELBOW31 elements with 2 nodes with 6 Fourier modes. The discretization used is as follows:

• Part \(\mathit{AB}\): 24 elements,

• Part \(\mathrm{BC}\): 8 elements,

• Part \(\mathrm{CD}\): 12 elements.

The integration in the section is as follows:

• 7 layers in thickness,

• 18 sectors in the circumferential direction.

2.2. Benchmark results

Limit moment = \(253.4{10}^{3}\mathit{N.m}\) for a rotation around \(z\) from \(0.22\mathit{rad}\) to point \(D\).

2.3. Uncertainties about the solution

Lower than \(\text{2\%}\)

2.4. Bibliographical references

[1] ABAQUS/StandardVersion 5.5: Example Problems Manual Volume 2, pp 4.2.2-1.