1. Reference problem

1.1. Geometry

The geometry, as well as the modeling points are represented in the following figure:

Lengths in meters

• pipe outer diameter: \(0.185m\)

• pipe thickness: \(6.12\mathrm{mm}\)

• radius of curvature of the elbows: \(0.922m\)

• pipes full of water

1.2. Material properties

\(E=1.658E+11\mathrm{Pa}\)

\(\nu =0.3\)

\(\rho =13404.10\mathrm{kg}/{m}^{3}\)

\(\alpha =0.1288E–4/C°\)

1.3. Boundary conditions and loads

• Points 1 (node group T1) and 15 (node group T15) embedded,

• Charging:

1. Gravity according to \(–z\),

2. Uniform temperature rise of \(472.22C°\),

3. Nodal forces.

Node groups	T2	T3	T4, T3	T4, T10	T5, T9	T6, T7, T8	T11	T11	T12, T13	T13	T14
\(\mathrm{Fz}\) (\(N\))	—624.897	—624.897	—788.724	—327.654	—214.839	—102.5145	—222.687	—222.687	—222.687	—222.687	—117.720	—176.580