5. C modeling

5.1. Characteristics of modeling

Modeling AXIS.

5.2. Characteristics of the mesh

The mesh is the same as that of modeling A.

5.3. Characteristics of behavior

The behavior is the same as for modeling A.

5.4. Contact characteristics

Since the punch is rigid and has a linear geometry, it is possible to model the contact by a unilateral connection on \(\mathit{DX}\) and \(\mathit{DY}\). By projection following the normal to the punch, the condition of non-interpenetration can be written as:

\(2.7\ast \mathit{DY}-(X+\mathit{DX})<2.7\ast {u}_{A}(t)\)

The one-sided condition is imposed using the penalization algorithm (DEFI_CONTACT/ZONE/ALGO_CONT =” PENALISATION “).

5.5. Tested quantities and results

5.6. notes

The one-sided condition is calculated by considering the master normal, which leads to a slight deviation from modeling A which uses normal MAIT_ESCL. However, the same results are found when compared with contact modeling that uses the master normal for pairing.

The penalty coefficient poses convergence problems at the time of elastic return, so a coefficient that is not too high is imposed (1.0 E+3), which causes larger differences compared to modeling A. It is possible to increase the penalty coefficient during the loading phase, and the same results as for contact modeling are then obtained.