3. Operands#

3.1. Keywords MODELE and CHAM_MATER#

Name of the model MODELE and of the affected material field CHAM_MATER whose elements are the object of metallurgical calculation.

3.2. Tag RESULTAT#

RESULTAT is the name of the evol_ther result from a thermal calculation using from which a metallurgy calculation is made.

This result will be at the end of the enriched calculation of the evolution of metallurgical fields, fields of internal variables whose number and meaning depend on the transformation model used.

3.3. Selection of the meshes concerned by the calculation#

The keywords TOUT (all mesh containing finite elements will be treated) and GROUP_MA allow the user to choose the meshes on which he wants to do his basic post-processing calculations.

3.4. Tag factor COMPORTEMENT#

◆ COMPORTEMENT = _F (
        ◆ RELATION =/"ACIER ",
                    /"ZIRC ",
        # If: equal_to (" RELATION ", 'ACIER')
            ◇ LOI_META = "WAECKEL ",
        # If: equal_to (" RELATION ", 'ZIRC')
            ◇ LOI_META = "EDGAR ",
        ◇/TOUT = "OUI" (or not specified),
        /| GROUP_MA = grma,
    )

The keyword factor COMPORTEMENT provides information on the metallurgical evolution model used. You can only use a computational evolution model.

3.4.1. Tag RELATION#

The keyword RELATION which has the value «  » ACIER «  » « is used to specify the execution of the transformation calculation metallurgical processes of steel, around \(800°C\), of a ferritic phase (ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite) to an austenitic phase (and vice versa on cooling).

The heating and cooling models are different (the selection of this model is made using the keyword LOI_META).

Steel gives six phases as internal variables.

Tableau 3.1 Phases pour l’acier#

Variable

Quantity

Description
widths:

10

20

50

\(\mathrm{V1}\)

\({Z_1}\)

proportion of ferrite

\(\mathrm{V2}\)

\({Z_2}\)

proportion of pearlite

\(\mathrm{V3}\)

\({Z_3}\)

proportion of bainite

\(\mathrm{V4}\)

\({Z_4}\)

proportion of martensite

\(\mathrm{V5}\)

\({Z_\gamma}\)

proportion of austenite (hot phase)

\(\mathrm{V6}\)

\({Z_c}\)

proportion of cold phases

The sum of all phases should be equal to 1.0. If this is not the case (to within 1%), an alarm is issued.

The required material data must be entered in DEFI_MATERIAU, under the keyword META_ACIER.

The keyword RELATION which has the value «  » ZIRC «  » « is used to specify the execution of the calculation for the transformation metallurgical (upon cooling) of zirconium alloys, from a compact hexagonal phase to a cubic phase centered around \(800°C\) (the selection of this model is made using the keyword LOI_META).

Zircaloy gives three phases as internal variables:

Tableau 3.2 Phases pour le zircaloy#

Variable

Quantity

Description
widths:

10

20

50

\(\mathrm{V1}\)

\({Z_\alpha}\)

proportion of the cold phase

\(\mathrm{V2}\)

\({Z_2}\)

initially without meaning and necessarily zero; for post-treatment, the phase fraction \(\mathrm{\alpha }\) is given by \(V1+V2\);

\(\mathrm{V3}\)

\({Z_\beta}\)

proportion of the hot phase

The sum of all phases should be equal to 1.0. If this is not the case (to within 1%), an alarm is issued.

The required material data must be entered in DEFI_MATERIAU, under the keyword factor META_ZIRC.

3.4.2. Tag LOI_META#

The LOI_META keyword is used to specify the metallurgical model used:

  • For steel, LOI_META which is worth «  » WAECKEL « « , uses the Waeckel model [r4.04.01]

  • For Zircaloy, LOI_META which is worth «  » EDGAR « « , uses the Edgar model [r4.04.02]

The Waeckel model adds three internal variables to those describing the phases of steel.

Tableau 3.3 Variables internes pour le modèle de Waeckel#

Variable

Quantity

Description
widths:

10

20

50

\(\mathrm{V7}\)

\(d\)

austenitic grain size

\(\mathrm{V8}\)

\(T_g\)

temperature at Gauss points

\(\mathrm{V9}\)

\({M}_{s}\)

martensitic transformation temperature

The Edgar model adds two internal variables to those describing the phases of Zircaloy.

Tableau 3.4 Variables internes pour le modèle d’Edgar#

Variable

Description
widths:

10

50

\(\mathrm{V4}\)

The temperature at the knots

\(\mathrm{V5}\)
The time corresponding to the temperature at which transformation started at

Equilibrium if the phase fraction \(\mathrm{\alpha }\) is equal to 1 initially, or at temperature at the end of transformation at equilibrium if the phase fraction \(\mathrm{\alpha }\) It is set to 0 initially. This variable is used to calculate the heating rate, respectively at cooling (sliding secant method), which is used to determine the temperatures of start of transformation to heating or cooling.

3.4.3. Keywords TOUT and GROUP_MA#

The keywords TOUT and GROUP_MA specify the meshes on which the model is used and makes it possible to affect the calculation only on a subpart of the total mesh.

3.5. Tag factor ETAT_INIT#

The keyword factor ETAT_INIT describes the initial metallurgical condition.

3.5.1. Tag META_INIT_ELNO#

The META_INIT_ELNO keyword defines the assignment of the initial internal variables field element-wise constant from a map defined by CREA_CHAMP. Only variables whose initial assignment makes sense should be entered. So we don’t provide information that the variables corresponding to a phase proportion, plus possibly the corresponding one to the austenitic grain size if it is not zero.

In the case of steel, all the phases and the grain size must be entered, otherwise the code stops in a fatal error.

If the user has not entered the sum of the cold phases correctly, this is the code that will be replaced by the sum calculated from the data. An alarm will then be sounded.

In the case of Zircaloy, all the phases and the corresponding time are mandatory. at the temperature at which the transformation starts at equilibrium otherwise the code stops in a fatal error.

3.5.2. Keywords EVOL_THER, NUME_INIT, INST_INIT, PRECISION, and CRITERE#

The EVOL_THER keyword defines the concept of the type evol_ther in which we will extract the initial state from which the calculation will be carried out. This concept must contain quantities metallurgical (fields META_ELNO)

The initial state can be defined by stored order number or by time associated with calculation.

NUME_INIT allows the definition from the stored order number and INST_INIT allows the definition from the moment of calculation.

In the latter case, PRECISION and CRITERE define the precision and the criterion according to which the extraction will be carried out. If «  » ABSOLU «  » « is chosen, it is mandatory to fill in field PRECISION; If CRITERE is equal to «  » RELATIF « , an accuracy of \(1.E\mathrm{-}6\) is given by default, and can possibly be modified by entering the PRECISION keyword.

3.6. Tag OPTION#

The OPTION keyword specifies the quantities to be calculated:

  • If OPTION is equal to «  » DURT_ELNO « « , we calculate the hardness at the nodes by element from the phases metallurgical (cf. [R4.04.01])

  • If OPTION is equal to «  » DURT_NOEU « « , we calculate the hardness at the knots from the phases metallurgical (cf. [R4.04.01])

  • If OPTION is equal to «  » META_ELNO « « , we calculate the proportion of metallurgical phase at the nodes per element.

  • If OPTION is equal to «  » META_NOEU « « , we calculate the proportion of metallurgical phase at the nodes

3.7. Tag factor REVENU#

◆ REVENU = _F (
        ◆ RELATION =/"ACIER_REVENU ", (by default),
        # If: equal_to (" RELATION ", 'ACIER_REVENU')
            ◇ LOI_META = "JMA ",
        ◇/TOUT = "OUI" (or not specified),
        /| GROUP_MA = grma,
    ),

The keyword factor REVENU allows you to activate the calculation of tempering phases for steel (see [R4.04.01]).

It is possible to restrict the calculation to a subpart of the mesh using the keyword GROUP_MA. An audit is done to prevent using this revenue model on another It’s just a calculation on steel.

The required material data must be entered in DEFI_MATERIAU, under the keyword META_ACIER_REVENU.

This calculation enriches field META_ELNO and changes its internal variables, now to the number by 12 (instead of 9 in the case of no income).

Tableau 3.5 Variables internes pour le calcul des phases de revenu de l’acier#

Variable

Quantity

Description
widths:

10

20

50

\(\mathrm{V1}\)

\({Z_1}\)

proportion of ferrite

\(\mathrm{V2}\)

\({Z_2}\)

proportion of pearlite

\(\mathrm{V3}\)

\({Z^b_3}\)

proportion of bainite (raw tempering phase)

\(\mathrm{V4}\)

\({Z^r_3}\)

proportion of bainite (tempering phase)

\(\mathrm{V5}\)

\({Z^b_4}\)

proportion of martensite (raw tempering phase)

\(\mathrm{V6}\)

\({Z^r_4}\)

proportion of bainite (tempering phase)

\(\mathrm{V7}\)

\({Z_\gamma}\)

proportion of austenite (hot phase)

\(\mathrm{V8}\)

\({Z_c}\)

proportion of cold phases

\(\mathrm{V9}\)

\(d\)

austenitic grain size

\(\mathrm{V10}\)

\(T_g\)

temperature at Gauss points

\(\mathrm{V11}\)

\({M}_{s}\)

martensitic transformation temperature

\(\mathrm{V12}\)

\({I}^{th}\)

thermal cycle indicator
note

These metallurgical phases cannot be used as input to a mechanical calculation.